| Diphtheria - contagious bacteria spread by
droplets; causes severe throat and breathing difficulties. |
About 1 in 15 patients dies. The bacteria
release a toxin, which can produce nerve paralysis and heart
failure. |
DTPa vaccine- about 1 in 10 has local
inflammation or fever. Serious adverse events are very rare, and
much less common than with DTPw. |
| Hepatitis B - virus spread mainly by
blood, sexual contact or from mother to newborn baby, causes acute
hepatitis or chronic carriage.
|
About 1 in 4 chronic carriers will develop
cirrhosis or liver cancer. |
About 1 in 15 to 1 in 100 will have pain
and fever. Anaphylaxis occurs in about 1 in 600 000. |
| Hib - contagious bacteria spread by
droplets; causes meningitis, epiglottitis (respiratory
obstruction), septicaemia, osteomyelitis.
|
About 1 in 20 meningitis patients dies and
about 1 in 4 survivors has permanent brain or nerve damage. About
1 in 100 epiglottitis patients die. |
About 1 in 20 has discomfort or local
inflammation. About 1 in 50 has fever. |
| Influenza - contagious virus spread by
droplets; causes fever, muscle and joint pains, pneumonia. |
Causes increased hospitalisation in the
elderly. High-risk groups include the elderly, diabetics, and
alcoholics. |
About 1 in 10 has local reactions.
Guillain-Barré syndrome occurs in about 1 in 1 million. |
| Measles - highly infectious virus spread
by droplets; causes fever, cough, rash. |
1 in 25 children with measles develops
pneumonia and 1 in 2000 develops encephalitis (brain
inflammation). For every 10 children who develop measles
encephalitis, 1 dies and 4 have permanent brain damage. About 1 in
25 000 develops SSPE (brain degeneration) which is always fatal.
|
About 1 in 10 has discomfort, local
inflammation or fever. About 1 in 100 develops a rash which is
non-infectious. 1 in 1 million recipients may develop encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain). |
| Meningococcal infections - bacteria spread
by respiratory droplets. Cause sepsis (infection of the blood
stream) and meningitis (infection of the tissues surrounding the
brain). |
About 1 in 10 patients dies.
Of those that survive, 1 in 30 has severe skin scarring or loss of
limbs, and 1 in 30 has severe brain damage. |
Polysaccharide vaccine: Local reactions
common. Mild fever, headache, malaise in 1 in 30.
Conjugate vaccine: About 1 in 10 has local inflammation, fever,
irritability, anorexia or headaches. |
| Mumps - contagious virus spread by saliva;
causes swollen neck and salivary glands, fever. |
1 in 200 children develops encephalitis. 1
in 5 males past puberty develop inflammation of the testes.
Occasionally mumps causes infertility or deafness. |
1 in 100 vaccine recipients may develop
swelling of the salivary glands. 1 in 3 million recipients
develops mild encephalitis.
|
| Pertussis- contagious bacteria spread by
droplets; causes whooping cough and vomiting, lasting up to 3
months. |
About 1 in 200 whooping cough patients
under the age of 6 months dies from pneumonia or brain damage
|
As for DTPa vaccine (see diphtheria).
|
| Pneumococcal infections - bacteria spread
by droplets; cause fever, pneumonia, septicaemia, meningitis |
About 1 in 10 meningitis patients dies
|
Polysaccharide vaccine: Less than 1 in 20
has pain or local reaction.
Conjugate vaccine: About 1 in 10 has local reaction or fever.
|
| Polio - contagious virus spread by faeces
and saliva; causes fever, headache, vomiting and may progress to
paralysis.. |
While many infections cause no symptoms,
about 1 in 20 hospitalised patients dies and 1 in 2 patients who
survive is permanently paralysed. |
OPV: Less than 1 in 100 recipients
develops diarrhoea, headache and/or muscle pains. 1 in 2.5 million
recipients or close contacts develops paralysis.
IPV: Local redness (1 in 3), pain (1 in 7) and swelling (1 in 10)
common. Up to 1 in 10 has fever, crying, and decreased appetite.
|
| Rubella - contagious virus spread by
droplets; causes fever, rash, swollen glands, but causes severe
malformations in babies of infected pregnant women. |
About 5 in 10 patients develop a rash and
painful swollen glands; 5 in 10 adolescents and adults have
painful joints; 1 in 3000 develops thrombocytopenia (bruising or
bleeding); 1 in 6000 develops inflammation of the brain; 9 in 10
babies infected during the first 10 weeks after conception will
have a major congenital abnormality (such as deafness, blindness
or heart defects). |
About 1 in 10 has discomfort, local
inflammation, or fever. About 1 in 20 has swollen glands, stiff
neck, or joint pains. About 1 in 100 has a rash, which is
non-infectious. Thrombocytopenia (bruising or bleeding) occurs
after a first dose of MMR at a rate of about 1 in 30 500. |
| Tetanus -caused by toxin of bacteria in
soil; causes painful muscle spasms, convulsions, lockjaw. |
About 1 in 10 patients dies. The risk is
greatest for the very young or old. |
As for DTPa vaccine (see diphtheria).
|
Varicella (chickenpox) - caused by highly
contagious virus; causes low-grade fever and vesicular rash.
Reactivation of the virus later in life causes herpes zoster
(shingles). |
1 in 5000 patients develop encephalitis
(brain inflammation). About 3 in 100 000 patients die.
Infection during pregnancy can result in congenital malformations
in the baby. Onset of infection in the mother from 5 days before
to 2 days after delivery results in severe infection in the
newborn baby in up to one-third of cases. |
About 1 in 5 has a local reaction or
fever. A mild varicella-like rash may develop in 3-5 per hundred
recipients.
|
